Dagny Taggart is a graduating college senior and she is considering the costs of going to medical school. Beginning next fall, Dagny expects medical school tuition to run $45,000 for the first year and she estimates that tuition will increase by 6% each year. If Dagny is able to invest her money in an account paying 8% interest per year, then the present value to Dagny of four years of medical school tuition is closest to: